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Washington and Lee University School of Law Scholarly Commons

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    Content Posted in 2026

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    1981, Carliss Chatman

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    A Call for Canceling Compassionate Release and Restoring Federal Parole, Honorable Chief Judge C.J. Williams

     

    Actors and Law-Making in International Environmental Law, in Research Handbook on International Environmental Law (Malgosia Fitzmaurice et al. eds, 2010), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Actors and Law-Making in International Environmental Law, in Research Handbook on International Environmental Law (Malgosia Fitzmaurice et al. eds, 2d ed. 2021), Mark A. Drumbl and Kateřina Uhlířová

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    Affirmative Action in Question: A Coherent Theory for Section 15(2), Mark A. Drumbl and John D.R. Craig

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    Against a Medical Exception to Equal Protection, Govind Persad

     

    A Hard Look at the Soft Theory of International Criminal Law, in The Theory and Practice of International Criminal Law: Essays in Honor of M. Cherif Bassiouni (Leila Nadya Sadat & Michael P. Scharf eds., 2008), Mark A. Drumbl

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    A License to Discriminate: The Risky Next Step of Religious Charter Schools, Vania Blaiklock

     

    Análisis Crítico del Perjuicio Fiscal en el Régimen Peruano de Precios de Transferencia, in Tratado de Derecho Tributario Iberoamericano: En Homenaje a: Julio A. Fernández Cartagena (Daniel Yacolca Estares ed., 2021), Fernando Loayza-Jordán

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    Appalachian Stereotypes and Mountain Top Removal, Jill M. Fraley

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    Arbitrary Consent to Arbitration, Charity J. Fort

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    A Tribute to Professor Brian C. Murchison, Mary Z. Natkin, Adedayo (Dayo) Abah, Richard K. Welch, C. Elizabeth Belmont, Melanie D. Wilson, Brant J. Hellwig, Barry Sullivan, Patrick Darby, John M. Perryman, Kelly L. Faglioni, Nathan Heastie, and Brandon Hasbrouck

     

    Atrocity, Punishment, and International Law (2007), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Bad Parenting on Trial: How Gender, Race, and Class Shape Parental Responsibility Prosecutions and Laws for School Shootings, Makayla R. Foust

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    Before the Last Breath: How Alabama’s Nitrogen Execution Adoption Created a Procedural Crisis on Death Row, Caroline E. Penfield

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    Book Review, Mia Swart, On Bonifratròw Street: How a Boy from Lwów Escaped the Nazis (2024), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Book Review, Terje Einarsen & Joseph Rikhof, A Theory of Punishable Participation in Universal Crimes (2018), Mark A. Drumbl and Lauren Hancock

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    Book Review, Transitional Justice in the Twenty-First Century: Beyond Truth Versus Justice (Naomi Roht-Arriaza & Javier Mariezcurrena eds., 2006) and Reconciliation in Divided Societies: Finding Common Ground (Erin Daly & Jeremy Sarkin eds., 2006), Mark Drumbl

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    Brief Amici Curiae on Behalf of Constitutional Law Professors A.E. Dick Howard, Russell A. Miller, and Carl W. Tobias: Lynchburg Range & Training LLC v. Northam, A.E. Dick Howard, Russell A. Miller, and Carl W. Tobias

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    Brief of Amici Curiae Children's Rights Scholars and Advocates in Support of Appellants' Opening Brief: Lighthiser v. Trump, Abigail L. Fleming, Douglas A. Ruley, and Catherine Smith

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    Canada's New Immigration Act: An Affront to the Charter and Canada's Collective Conscience?, Mark Anthony Drumbl

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    Certiorari Transparency, Alexandra L. Klein and Michael L. Smith

     

    Child Soldiers: Agency, Enlistment, and the Collectivization of Innocence, in Collective Violence and International Criminal Justice: An Interdisciplinary Approach (Alette Smeulers ed., 2010), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Child Soldiers and Clicktivism: Justice, Myths, and Prevention, Mark A. Drumbl

     

    Child Soldiers, Transitional Justice, and the Architecture of Post Bellum Settlements, in Morality, Jus Post Bellum, and International Law (Larry May & Andrew Forcehimes eds., 2012), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Civil, Constitutional and Criminal Justice Responses to Female Partner Abuse: Proposals for Reform, Mark Anthony Drumbl

     

    Collective Responsibility and Postconflict Justice, in Accountability for Collective Wrongdoing (Tracy Isaacs & Richard Vernon eds., 2011), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Comment on “Voices from Beyond the Grave: Protecting the Audio of Murder Victims Through (Intellectual) Property Law” by Alexandra M. Hudson, Christopher B. Seaman

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    Comparative Visions for U.S. Group-Based Asylum Proposal, Lauren N. Hughes

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    Constitutional Structures in Private Law and the Example of Waste Law, Jill M. Fraley

     

    Contra la Especialización Tributaria de los Tribunales y el Excepcionalism o Tributario, in Justicia de Papel: Reformas Disruptivas al Sistema de Justicia (Fabio Núñez del Prado & Lucas Ghersi Murillo eds., 2021), Fernando Loayza-Jordán

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    Dignity by Design: A Human-Centered Framework for Ethical AI, Armin Tadayon

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    Double Dosing: How Brand-Name Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Manipulate Patent Rules to Extend Market Exclusivity, Elizabeth Hertzberg

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    Drug War Repair Guarantees, Amber Baylor

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    Editor's Note

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    Education as a Right, Homelessness as a Crisis: The Displaced Futures of American Homeless Youth, Tina Pham

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    Chevron Deference, Prospective Gay Parents, and the Need for a Centralized Child Welfare System, Mantas Grigorovicius

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    In Loco Reipublicae and the Parental Duty to Expose Children to Ideas Outside the Home, Catherine Smith

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    To Compete or Noncompete: Lessons on the Impact of Unenforceable Noncompete Agreements in the Entertainment Industry, Guy Mannick

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    Epilogue: Some Musings on Deterrence, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Equality Before Tax Law, Charles Delmotte

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    Equity Partners or Equity Predators? A Call for Federal Regulations to Safeguard Against Abusive Home Equity Sharing Agreements, Lindsay Lankau

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    Exploring the Constitutional Limits to Workfare and Learnfare, Mark Anthony Drumbl

     

    Extracurricular International Criminal Law, in International Practices of Criminal Justice: Social and Legal Perspectives (Mikkel Christensen & Ron Levi eds., 2018), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Fifty Ways to Leave Your Lover: Using State Constitutions to Escape the Dead Hand of Article V, Meg Penrose

     

    From Politics to Law, to Tedium, and Back, in The Milosevic Trial: An Autopsy (Timothy William Waters ed., 2014), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Front Matter

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    Fur, Feathers, and Frameworks: The Federal Legal Landscape of Animal Welfare in the United States and Switzerland, Michael Melch

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    Generative Adversarial Discrimination, Josh Fairfield

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    ‘Germans are the Lords and Poles are the Servants’: The Trial of Arthur Greiser in Poland, 1946, in The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials (Kevin Jon Heller & Gerry Simpson eds., 2013), Mark A. Drumbl

     

    Gilbert Law Summaries: Criminal Procedure (21st ed. 2026), Paul Marcus, Melanie D. Wilson, and Joëlle Anne Moreno

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    Global Supply Chain Resilience in Emerging Technologies: A Case Study of Bitcoin Mining, Kishanthi Parella and Carla L. Reyes

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    Griswold for Google: Algorithmic Determinism and Decisional Privacy, Joshua Fairfield and Nathaniel Reynolds

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    Grown-Ups, Grown-Downs, and Pan-Generationality, in Parents, Children, and the Ripples of Transitional Justice (Kirsten J. Fisher & Caitlin Mollica eds., 2026), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Harmless in Name Only: Prosecutorial Misconduct and the Right to a Fair Trial, Jennifer Brinkman

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    Holding Museums Accountable: Utilizing Criminal Sanctions to Support Repatriation of Illegally Acquired Cultural Property, Mary Jane Apostle

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    How Many Supreme Court Justices Can Stand on the Point of a Needle? Originalist Scholarship, Political Neutrality, and other Constitutional Nonsense, Stephen M. Feldman

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    Illiteracy, Disempowerment and Injustice: How the Ontario Human Rights Code Can Protect Persons with Low Literacy Skills, Mark Anthony Drumbl

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    Images of Force: The Power of Maps in Community Development, Jill M. Fraley

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    Immortal Justice: Why the Henrietta Lacks Family Merits Restitution Today, Suzette Malveaux

     

    Immunities and Exceptions, in International Criminal Law, Volume II: Multilateral and Bilateral Enforcement Mechanisms (M. Cherif Bassiouni ed., 2008), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Imprisoned Without a Verdict: The Constitutional Crisis of Pre-Trial Solitary Confinement, Symone R. Gibbs

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    Impunities, in The Oxford Handbook of International Criminal Law (Kevin Jon Heller et al. eds., 2020), Mark A. Drumbl

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    In Defense of Substantive Due Process, Maureen A. Edobor

     

    International Punishment from 'Other' Perspectives, in Research Handbook on the International Penal System (Róisín Mulgrew & Denis Abels eds., 2016), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Introductory Note to Genocide Accountability Act, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Invisible Histories & the Failure of Protected Classes, Jill M. Fraley

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    Juridical and Jurisdictional Disconnects, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Justice Outside of Criminal Courtrooms and Jailhouses, in Arcs of Global Justice: Essays in Honour of William A. Schabas (Margaret M. deGuzman & Diane Marie Amann eds., 2018), Mark A. Drumbl

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    La Liberté d'Expression et la Dignité de la Personne Devant la Cour Suprême du Canada, Mark A. Drumbl, Ian Lee, and Martha Rafuse

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    Litigating the Youth Mental Health Crisis: Mechanisms to Regulate Addictive Social Media Design, Talia Elliott

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    Long COVID, Silent Suffering, and Work, Joseph A. Seiner

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    Look What You Made Me Do, Russell M. Gold

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    Masthead

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    Masthead

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    Masthead

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    Masthead

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    Masthead

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    Masthead

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    Medicaid’s Broken Promise to Children, Jerron R. Wheeler

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    Much Ado About Critical Race Theory, Matthew Patrick Shaw

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    Nonchalance and the Fascist Gaze, in Reframing Transitional Justice: Innovations, Boundaries, and Refractions (Mark A. Drumbl & Kirsten J. Fisher eds., 2026), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Or Else: Statutes Without Sanctions and the Doctrine of Meaningful Interpretation, Christian Davis

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    Out of Sight Is Out of Mind? Experimentally Testing a Gradually Materializing Public Bad, Alexander Egberts, Christoph Engel, and Joshua Fairfield

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    Plea Bargaining at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Ralph Henham and Mark Drumbl

     

    Policy Through Complementarity: The Atrocity Trial as Justice, in The International Criminal Court and Complementarity: From Theory to Practice (Carsten Stahn & Mohamed M. El Zeidy eds., 2011), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Pragmatic Conceptualism, Public Nuisance, and the American Opioid Litigation, Benjamin C. Zipursky

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    Procedural Drift: How Judicial Restraint Enables Legalized Backsliding, Dessie Otachliska

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    Proceedings of the 107th ASIL Annual Meeting, Introductory Remarks, Multipolar Governance Across Environmental Treaty Regimes, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Proceedings of the Second International Humanitarian Law Dialogs, Sixtieth Anniversary of the Genocide Convention: The Power of a Word, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Proceedings of the Seventh International Humanitarian Law Dialogs, Recent Developments in International Criminal Law: 2012–2013, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Humanitarian Law Roundtable, Year in Review Lecture, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Prosecution of Genocide v. the Fair Trial Principle: Comments on Brown and Others v. The Government of Rwanda and the UK Secretary of State for the Home Department, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Punishment Goes Global: International Criminal Law, Conflict Zones, and Gender (In)equality, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Race Without Racism: Religious School Curricula and the Race-Neutral Legacy of Brown, Vania Blaiklock

     

    Ralph's Voice and Energy, in Contemporary Challenges to Criminal Justice: Liber Amicorum for Ralph Henham (Paul Behrens ed., 2023), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Recognition Without Authority? Why Vesting Government Recognition in the U.N. Credentials Committee Would Be a Mistake, Jorge Barrera-Rojas

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    Reel It In: Untangling the Circuit Split on the Constitutionality of Geofence Warrants Under the Fourth Amendment, Kate P. Risser

     

    Reframing Transitional Justice: Innovations, Boundaries, and Refractions (Mark A. Drumbl & Kirsten J. Fisher eds., 2026), Mark A. Drumbl and Kirsten J. Fisher

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    Refundable Tax Credit Design: Cohabitating Parents and Gender Presumptions, Michelle Lyon Drumbl

     

    Reimagining Child Soldiers in International Law and Policy (2012), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Reimagining International Investment Law for the Age of Minerals, Taylor Nchako

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    Religious Minorities and Secular Rights, Joshua C. McDaniel

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    Reparations, Social Reconciliation, and the Significance of Place: A Legal and Philosophical Examination of Indigenous Cases in the United States and Their Global Implications, Jill M. Fraley

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    Restorative Justice and Collective Responsibility: Lessons for and from the Rwandan Genocide, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Rules of the Game: Lessons from Sports to Understand Antitrust Law’s Fairness Foundations, Tara Pincock and Daniel A. Hanley

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    Sanctioning Lawyer-Criminals, Jon J. Lee

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    Sclerosis: Retributive Justice and the Rwandan Genocide, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Scraping Bad: The Case for a Unified Scraping Framework, Eunchong Moses Park

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    Self-Defense and the Use of Force: Breaking the Rules, Making the Rules, or Both?, Mark A. Drumbl

     

    Shared Responsibility and Failures to Prevent Harm, in The Routledge Handbook of Collective Responsibility (Saba Bazargan-Forward & Deborah Tollefsen eds., 2020), Shannon Fyfe

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    Sobriety in a Post‐Genocidal Society: Good Neighborliness Among Victims and Aggressors in Rwanda?, Mark A. Drumbl

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    Social Murder, Marissa Jackson Sow

     

    Staging International Law’s Stories: Kapo in Jerusalem, in International Law's Collected Stories (Sofia Stolk & Renske Vos eds., 2020), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Stealth Consolidation: Healthcare’s Process of Quietly Dodging Antitrust Enforcement, Nathan Rush

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    Table of Contents

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    Table of Contents

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    Table of Contents

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    Table of Contents

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    Table of Contents

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    Table of Contents

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    Testimonial Injustice in International Criminal Law, Shannon Fyfe

     

    Thaler and Contextually Sound AI Regulation, in Recreating Creativity, Reinventing Inventiveness: AI and Intellectual Property Law (Nikos Koutras & Niloufer Selvadurai eds., 2026), Nikos Koutras and Joshua Fairfield

     

    The (Al)lure of the Genocide Trial: Justice, Reconciliation, and Reconstruction in Rwanda, in Effective Strategies for Protecting Human Rights: Economic Sanctions, Use of National Courts and International Fora and Coercive Power (David Barnhizer ed., 2001), Mark A. Drumbl

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    The Broken Promise of the IDEA: How Delays and Disparities Undermine Special Education Rights, Silvia C. Montiel Morales

     

    The Challenge to the Laws of War by Islamic Jihad, in The Cambridge Handbook of the Just War (Larry May ed., 2018), Shannon Fyfe

     

    The Crime of Genocide, in Research Handbook on International Criminal Law (Bartram S. Brown ed., 2012), Mark A. Drumbl

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    The Disability History of Brown v. Board of Education, Britney R. Wilson

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    The Effects of the Lubanga Case on Understanding and Preventing Child Soldiering, Mark A. Drumbl

     

    The Future of International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice, in The Ashgate Research Companion to International Criminal Law: Critical Perspectives (William A. Schabas et al. eds., 2013), Mark A. Drumbl

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    The General Agreement: From Tariffs and Trade to Sustainable Development, Mark Anthony Drumbl

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    The ICTR and Justice for Rwandan Women, Mark A. Drumbl

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    The Inconvenience Doctrine, Alexi Pfeffer-Gillett

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    The Indelible Flaws of Conviction Integrity Units, Sarah Gottlieb

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    The Last Human Question: Generative AI's Existential Threat to Consensus and Law, Joshua Fairfield

     

    The Legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals, in The Legitimacy of International Criminal Tribunals (Nobuo Hayashi & Cecilia M. Bailliet eds., 2018), Shannon Fyfe and Larry May

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    The Lives of Fritz Haber and of International Law: Entwined Tales of Tragedy and Irony, Mark A. Drumbl and C. William Vardy

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    The Lone Dissent, Grant Christensen and Anne Mullins

     

    ‘The Mob Is Fickle, Brother’: Bringing Public Morality into Sentencing Policy, in Contemporary Challenges to Criminal Justice: Liber Amicorum for Ralph Henham (Paul Behrens ed., 2023), Mark A. Drumbl

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    The People, the Branches, and the Pearl of Independence, Brian C. Murchison

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    The Political Rhetoric of Property and Natural Resource Ownership: A Meditation on Chance, Taxation and Appalachia, Jill M. Fraley

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    The Practice of Secreting Among Children Born of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence in Northern Uganda: Lessons for Transitional Justice, Mark A. Drumbl and Myriam S. Denov

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    The Right to Truth, Maureen Edobor

     

    The Role of the Prosecutor, in Core Concepts in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Vol. I (Kai Ambos et al. eds., 2020), Shannon Fyfe

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    The Search for Moby Dick: The Role of State Law in Maritime Tort Cases, John E. Holloway

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    The Siren Song of Territoriality, Robin J. Effron and Alan M. Trammell

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    The State as Landlord: The Constitutionality of the Termination of Public Housing Leases on Account of a Tenant's Illegal Activities, Mark Anthony Drumbl

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    The Taliban’s ‘Other’ Crimes, Mark A. Drumbl

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    The Ten Commandments, Stripped of Slavery, Exodus & Jubilee, Christopher D. Hampson

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    The Unintended Consequences of the Court's Religious Freedom Revolution: A History of White Supremacy and Private Christian Church Schools, Vania Blaiklock

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    The Unmaking of Section Two, Maureen Edobor

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    Transcending Victimhood: Child Soldiers and Restorative Justice, in Victims of International Crimes: An Interdisciplinary Discourse (Thorsten Bonacker & Christoph Safferling eds., 2013), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Two Sides of the Same Token: An Examination of Segregation, Memory, and White Supremacy In Contemporary Church Schools, Vania Barbriana Blaiklock

     

    United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ), in Encyclopedia of the Developing World (Thomas M. Leonard ed., 2005), Mark A. Drumbl

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    Voices from Beyond the Grave: Protecting the Audio of Murder Victims Through (Intellectual) Property Law, Alexandra M. Hudson

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    Walk Along My Mind: Space, Mobility, and the Significance of Place, Jill M. Fraley

     

    We’re Exhausting Ourselves, Let’s Get Busy Instead: A Comment on the Contributions by Jakob v.H. Holtermann, Mordechai Kremnitzer and Daniela Demko, in Why Punish Perpetrators of Mass Atrocities? Purposes of Punishment in International Criminal Law (Florian Jeßberger & Julia Geneuss eds., 2020), Mark A. Drumbl

     

    Women as Perpetrators: Agency and Authority in Genocidal Rwanda, in Genocide and Gender in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Survey (Amy E. Randall ed., 2d ed. 2021), Nicole Hogg and Mark A. Drumbl

 
 
 

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